Discuss ‘The Chinese Room’ Argument Essay

In 1980, John Searle began a widespread dispute with his paper, ‘Minds, Brains, and Programmes’ (Searle, 1980). The paper referred to a thought experiment which argued against the possibility that computers can ever have artificial intelligence (AI); in essence a condemnation that machines will ever be able to think. Searle’s argument was based on two key claims. That; â€Å"brains cause minds and syntax doesn’t suffice for semantics† (Searle, 1980, p.417). Syntax in this instance refers to the computer language used to create a programme; a combination of illegible code (to the untrained eye) which provides the basis and commands for the action of a programme running on a computer. Semantics refers to the study of meaning or the understanding behind the use of language. Searle’s claim was that it is the existence of a brain which gives us our minds and the intelligence which we have, and that no combination of programming language is sufficient enough to contribute meaning to the machine and therein for the machine to understand. His claim was that the apparent understanding of a computer is merely more than a set of programmed codes, allowing the machine to extort answers based on available information. He did not deny that computers could be programmed to perform to act as if they understand and have meaning. In fact he quoted; â€Å"the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind, rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states† (Searle, 1980, p. 417). Searle’s argument was that we may be able to create machines with ‘weak AI’ – that is, we can programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking, to simulate thought and produce a perceptible understanding, but the claim of ‘strong AI’ (that machines are able to run with syntax and have cognitive states as humans and understand and produce answers based on this cognitive understanding, that it really has (or is) a mind (Chalmers, 1992)) is just not possible. A machine is unable to generate fundamental human mindsets such as intentionality, subjectivity, and comprehension (Ibid, 1992). Searle’s main argument for this notion came from his ‘Chinese room experiment’, for which there has been much deliberation and denunciation from fellow researchers, philosophers and psychologists. This paper aims to analyse the arguments, assess counter augments and propose that John Searle was accurate in his philosophy; that machines will n ever think as humans and that the issue relates more to the simple fact that a computer is neither human nor biological in nature, nor can it ever be. In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a method of examining the intelligibility of a machine to become known as ‘The Turing Test’ (Turing, 1950). It describes an examination of the veracity to which a machine can be deemed intelligent, should it so pass . Searle (1980) argued that the test is fallible, in that a machine without intelligence is able to pass such a test. ‘The Chinese Room’ is Searle’s example of such machine. ‘The Chinese room’ experiment is what is termed by physicists a ‘thought experiment’ (Reynolds and Kates, 1995); such that it is a hypothetical experiment which is not physically performed, often without any intention of the experiment ever being executed. It was proposed by Searle as a way of illustrating his understanding that a machine will never logically be able to possess a mind. Searle (1980) suggests that we envisage ourselves as a monolingual (speaking only one language) English speaker, locked inside a room with a large group of Chinese writing in addition to a second group of Chinese script. We are also presented with a set of rules in English which allow us to connect the initial set of writings, with the second set of script. The set of rules allows you to identify the first and second set of symbols (syntax) purely by their presenting form. Furthermore, we are presented with a third set of Chinese symbols and additional English instructions whi ch makes it feasible for you to associate particular items from the third batch with the preceding two. This commands you consequently to ‘give back’ particular Chinese symbols with particular shapes in response. Searle encourages us to accept that the initial set of writing is a ‘script’ (a natural language processing computational data set); the second set a ‘story’ and the third group ‘questions’. The symbols which are returned are the ‘answers’ and the English instructions are the ‘computer programme’. However, should you be the one inside ‘the Chinese room’ you would not be aware of this. However, Searle suggests that your responses to the questions become so good, that you are impossible to differentiate from a native Chinese speaker; yet you are merely behaving as a computer. Searle argues that whilst in the room and delivering correct answers, he still does not know anything. He cannot speak Chinese yet is able to produce the correct answers without an understanding of the Chinese language. Searle’s thought experiment demonstrated that of ‘weak AI’; that we can indeed programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking and such to simulate thought and hence produce a perceptible understanding, when in fact the machine understands nothing; it is simply following a linear instructional set, for which the answers are already programmed. The machine is not producing intuitive thought; it is providing a programmed answer. Searle was presented with many critical replies to ‘the Chinese room’ experiment, for which he offered a rejoinder; a retort to the replies by looking at the room in a different way to account for such counterarguments presented by researchers in the field of AI. Harnard (1993) supports ‘The Systems Reply’ in refute of the work of Searle. This argues that we are encouraged to focus on the wrong agent; the individual in the room. This implies that the man in the room does not understand Chinese as a single entity, but the system in which he operates (the room), does. However, an evident opposition to such claim is that the system (the room) again has no real way of connecting meaning to the Chinese symbols any more than the individual man did in the first instance. Even if the individual were to internalize (memorise) the entire instructional components, and be removed from the system (room), how would the system compute the answers, if all the computational ability is within the man. Furthermore, the ‘room’ cannot understand Chinese. ‘The Robot Reply’ is due to refutation by Harnard (1989) who argued that meaning is unable to be attached to the ciphers of Chinese writing due to the lack of ‘sensory-motoric’ connection. That is, the symbols are in no way attached to a physical meaning, that which can be ‘seen’ and comprehended. As children, we learn to associate meaning of words by attaching them to physical ‘things’. Harnard argues, that ‘the Chinese room’ lacks this ability to associate meaning to the words, and thus is unable to produce understanding. Yet, Searle’s defence is that if we were to further imagine a computer inside a robot, producing a representation of walking and perceiving, then according to Harnard, the robot would have understanding of other mental states. However, when Searle places the room (with the man inside) inside the robot and allows the symbols to come from a television attached to the robot, he insists that he still does not have understanding; that his computational production is still merely a display of ‘symbol representation’ (Searle, 1980, p.420). Searle also argues that part of ‘The Robot Reply’ is in itself, disputing the fact that human cognition is merely symbol manipulation and as such refutes the opinion of ‘strong AI’, as it is in need of ‘causal relations to the outside world’ (Ibid, p.420). Again, the system simply follows a computational set of rules installed by the programmer and produces linear answers, based upon such rules. There is no spontaneous thought or understanding of the Chinese symbols, it merely matches with that already programmed in the system. ‘The Robot Reply’ is therefore suggestive that programmed structure is enough to be acc ountable for mental processes; for cognition. ‘[this suggests] that some computational structure is sufficient for mentality, and both are therefore futile’ (Chalmers, 1992, p.3). Further to ‘the Robot Reply’, academics from Berkley (Searle, 1980) proposed ‘The Brain Simulator Reply’, in which the notion of exactly what the man represents is questioned. It is hereby proposed that the computer (man in the room) signifies neurons firing at the synapse of a Chinese narrator. It is argued here that we would have to accept that the machine understood the stories. If we did not, we would have to assume that native Chinese speakers also did not understand the stories since at a neuronal level there would be no difference. The opposition clearly defines understanding by the correct firing of neurons, which may well produce the correct responses from the ‘machine’ and a perceived understanding, that is assumed, but the argument remains; does the machine (man) actually understand that which he is producing (answering), or is it again, merely a computational puzzle, solved through logical programming? Searle argues yes. He asks us to imagine a man in the room using water pipes and valves to represent the biological process of neuronal firing at the synapse. The input (English instructions) now informs the man, which valves to turn on and off and thus produce an answer (a set of flowing pipes at the end of the system). Again, Searle argues that neither the man, nor the pipes actually understand Chinese. Yes, they have an answer and yes, the answer is undoubtedly correct, but the elements which produced the answer (the man and the pipes) still do not understand what the answer is; they do not have semantic representation for the output. Here, the representation of the neurons is simply that; a representation. A representation which is unable to account for the higher functioning processes of the brain and the semanticist understanding therein. Further argument suggests a combination of the aforementioned elements known as ‘The Combination Reply’ should allow for ‘intentionality†™ to the system, as proposed by academics at Berkley and Standford (Simon and Eisenstadt, 2002). The idea is such that combining the intelligence of all the replies aforementioned into one system, the system should be able to produce semantic inference from the linear answer produced by the syntax. Again, Searle (1980) is unable to justify such claims, as the sum of all parts does not account for understanding. Not one of the replies was able to validate genuine understanding from the system and as such, the combination of the three counterarguments, will still remain as ambiguous as first presented. Searle quotes; â€Å"if the robot looks and behaves sufficiently like us then we would suppose, until proven otherwise, that it must have mental states like ours that cause and are expressed by its behavior†¦ [i]f we knew independently how to account for its behavior without such assumptions†¦we would not attribute intentionality to it, especially if we knew it had a formal program† (1980, p. 421). Searle’s argument is simple. If we did not know that a comput er produces answers from specifically programmed syntax, then it is plausible to accept that it may have mental states such as ours. The issue however is straightforwardly so, that we do know that the system is a computational set and as such is not a thinking machine any more so than any other computational structure. ‘The Chinese Room’ thought experiment is undoubtedly notorious and controversial in essence. The thought experiment has been refuted and discredited repeatedly, yet perceivably defended by Searle. His own defensive stance has appeared to cause infuriation amongst ‘strong AI’ theorists, resulting in questionable counter attacks, resulting in more of what appears a â€Å"religious diatribe against AI, masquerading as a serious scientific argument† (Hofstadter 1980, p. 433) than a significant opposition. Searle (1980) argues that accurate programming in no instance can ever produce ‘thought’ in the essence of what we understand thought to be; not only the amalgamation of significant numbers of neurons firing, but the underlying predominance which make us what we are, that predominance being consciousness. From a functionalist perspective, with the mind being entwined within the brain and our bodies entangled further, creating a machine which ‘thinks’ as a human is nigh impossible. To do so, would be to create an exact match of what we are, how we are constructed and the properties of substance of which we stand. If successful, we have not created a thinking ‘machine’ but a thinking ‘human’; a human which alas, is not a machine. Searle (1982) argues that it is an undeniable fact that the earth is comprised of particular biological systems, particularly brains which are able to create intellectual phenomena which are encompassed with meaning. Suggesting that a machine is capable of intelligence would therein suggest that a machine would need the computational power equivalent to that of the human mind. Searle (Ibid, 1982, p. 467) states that he has offered an argument which displays that no recognised machine is able ‘by itself’ to ever be capable of generating such semantic powers. It is therefore assumed, that no matter how far science is able to recreate machines with behavioural characteristics of a ‘thinking’ human, it will never be more than a programmed mass of syntax, computed and presented as thought, yet never actually existing as actual thought. References: Chalmers, D. 1992, ‘Subsymbolic Computation and the Chinese Room’, in J. Dinsmore (ed.), The Symbolic and Connectionist Paradigms: Closing the Gap, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Harnad, S. 1989. Minds, machines and Searle. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 1, pp.5-25. Harnad, S. 1993. Grounding symbols in the analog [sic] world with neural nets. Think 2(1): 12-78 (Special issue on â€Å"Connectionism versus Symbolism,† D.M.W. Powers & P.A. Flach, eds.). Simon, H.A., & Eisenstadt, S.A., 2002. A Chinese Room that Understands Views into the Chinese room. In: J. Preston * M. Bishop (eds). New essays on Searle and artificial intelligence Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 95-108. Hofstadter, D. 1980. Reductionism and religion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3),pp.433–34. Reynolds, G. H., & Kates, D.B. 1995. The second amendment and states’ rights: a thought experiment. William and Mary Law Review, 36, pp.1737-73. Searle, J. 1980. â€Å"Minds, Brains, and Programs.† Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, pp.417-424. Searle, J. 1982. ‘The Myth of the Computer: An Exchange’, in New York Review of Books 4, pp.459-67.

Lecture Ready – Chapter 4 – Lecture Outline

Bui Ng? c Minh Anh BABAUH11045 Listening AE1 Chapter 4 – Lecture Outline TOPIC: Technology is changing the music industry. I. Democritization of music industry: 1. Making of music: a. Professional tools of recording studio on personal computers. b. No longer needs a recording company to make high-quality recordings. 2. Promotion of music: a. On the internet, anyone can be a critic. b. People post preview, opion and their music work on music sites, blogs or create their own audio blogs. . Promotion tools has been popularize. 3. Distribution of music: a. MP3 files – the most popular way to get music. b. There are many sites to buy single or album of music. c. Files sharing – P2P networks – sharing all over the world. II. Copyright: (The U. S. laws and international agreements on ownership and rights to distribute property) 1. Tools make music easy to record, promote, distribute also make it easy to steal. 2.P2P networks can be used in legal way, however, 90% of music downloaded violates copyright – people trade music illegally. 3. How to stop, or reduce copyright infringement: a. Music companies and musicians believe that it’s needed to restrict file-sharing on the internet: – Companies that make it easy to share file and make money from it should not be allowed to operate. – Should nstall security devices that make it harder to copy and share files to protect the companies and musicians’ rights. . The file-sharing sites and technology companies disagree to restrict all uses to protect copyright: – The free flow of information led to some of the most technological advances of the world. – Restrict internet sharing not only limit the file sharing but also limit the innovation. c. Other group of people think that it’s needed to have new models for how to pay artists and the music companies, that restrict file-sharing just won’t work.

Collaboration in the supply chain

In general footings supply concatenation direction has been described by Cox ( 1997 ) as â€Å" a manner of thought that is devoted to detecting tools and techniques that provide for increased operational effectivity and efficiency throughout the bringing channels that must be created internally and externally to back up and provide bing corporate merchandise and service offerings to clients † . Supply concatenation direction can besides be defined as a direction of three or more administration linked together by one or more of the flow of merchandise, services, finance and information from a beginning to a client ( Mentzer et al, 2001 ) . So based on the above definition supply concatenation direction can be describe as a direction of the relationship and activities among the member of the administrations internally every bit good as externally. As the concern environment becomes more complex, administrations recognise that many benefits can be obtained from closer, long term relationship in supply concatenation ( Ganesan, 1994 ) . The end of the supply concatenation direction is that every member of the administration should work together in close and long term relationship to increase the competitory advantage of the supply concatenation direction as a whole which can move as one of the nucleus competence of the administration ( Mentzer et al, 2001 ) . The troubles for production companies are escalating, as a â€Å" rising figure merchandises are launched whose marks market can merely be reached efficaciously through a limited figure of mercantile establishments whose ownership is concentrated in a diminishing figure of centralized concatenation † ( Guirdham, 1972, P: nine ) . However, there are plentiful illustrations of major gross revenues and market portion breakthrough being achieved by a supply concatenation scheme which requires a supply concatenation direction. External environment in which a house operates besides plays a critical function in the acceptance and execution of supply concatenation integrating. The fast altering market demands require companies to incorporate supply concatenation procedures in order to be more antiphonal. Customers are demanding merchandises which can be systematically delivered faster and more faithfully, which requires close coordination within the house and with retail merchants or mercantile establishments ( Richey et al. , 2009 ) . However, A figure of researches are done on the retail administrations and parent administrations but there is a deficiency in literature between the supply concatenation direction of these two administrations. As per OCED ( 2007 ) and Porter and Ketels ( 2003 ) , fabricating administrations in developed economic systems needs to travel up the value concatenation and vie on the footing of value instead than on the footing of cost. To vie on the footing of the value the administration should necessitate services to the client. Martinez et Al ( 2009 ) stated that it is a ambitious undertaking for a fabrication administration to go a product-service administration ( PSS ) in which merchandises and services can be provided by the retail merchants to the costumiers for some administration. The acceptance of a new product-service scheme requires investings on capacity edifice such as the placement of retail merchants, new peoples ‘ accomplishments, capablenesss and engineerings etc. ( Reinartz and Ulaga, 2008 ) . Therefore, in the short period of clip it can be disputing for administrations to take out immense grosss from a new PSS transmutation but in the longer period of clip that new PSS schemes can convey immense grosss to the administrations ( Quinn et al. , 1990 ) . Oliva and Kallenberg ( 2003 ) , Davies ( 2003 ) and Araujo and Spring ( 2006 ) argue that during this transmutation to a combined product-service offering, administrations are likely to alter their schemes, value ironss, operations, system integrating capablenesss, people expertise and engineerings. In many merchandise service administrations ( PSS ) industries service are provided by the retail merchant as the nucleus competence of a retail merchant lies in supplying services to the client and have the client cognition of that country. However, the manner of altering transmutation waies from a merchandise fabrication administration to a combined product-service administration are still ill understood ( Voss, 2005 ; Johnston, 1995 ; Miller et al. , 2002 ; Tukker, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Richey et Al, 2009 in PSS there are two drivers in supply concatenation integrating which are internal and external. Most of the administrations look to develop the internal supply concatenation integrating to cut down cost in production and the others factors alternatively of developing it overall. It is besides said that directors have reported many troubles in the procedure of implementing of complete supply concatenation integrating because external environment is non in control of any administration so it is difficult to implement complete supply concatenation integrating. Some administrations consider their retail merchant as an internal supply concatenation direction of the administration and some says that lies in external supply concatenation direction of the administration ( Keller, 2002 ) . However, Internal planning failure is due to the deficiency of an effectual planning that provides the result of concern procedures and external monitoring failure refers to the deficiency of an internal mechanism that efficaciously monitors the external environment ( Burt and Davies, 2007 ) . So which means that retail merchant administration can a portion of external or internal supply concatenation direction but the failure comes from internal of the administration. Alternatively of endeavoring for common ends, each functional country works for its ain involvement to accomplish its ain public presentation aims. A typical type of internal planning failure leads different functional countries in different waies. For illustration while the production section might to a great extent concentrate on cutting the costs, the gross revenues section might merely endeavor for bigger gross revenues volume, which will do supply concatenation integrating an impossible mission ( Christopher, 2005 ) . As stated by Richey et Al, 2009 external environment is non in control of any administration so it is difficult to implement complete supply concatenation integrating but as stated by Burt and Davies, 2007 monitoring of external environment is due to miss of internal failure which concludes that an administration can implement a complete supply concatenation integrating internally. In today ‘s environment, competition is among supply ironss instead than among single companies ( Christopher, 2005 ) . This requires houses to hold an effectual information system to supervise external environment, including their clients, retail merchant, and rivals, to do appropriate determinations sing supply concatenation integrating. Marketing writers have long argued that in order to be market oriented, houses must bring forth market cognition about the current and future client demands, administer the cognition across all the sections, and respond to it through coordination of sections ( Kohli and Jaworski, 1990 ; Slater and Narver, 1995 ) . The cognition of the current and the hereafter clients can be collected by the retail merchant as they are close to the clients and locally situated. â€Å" Competing supply concatenation that manage through coaction to incorporate supply and demand, present important improved public presentation, and benefit yet farther from close relationship that themselves foster more chance for greater betterment † ( Barratt, 2004, p 31 ) . As per Findlay et al. , 1990 retailing environment in developing states is under developed and there is no peculiar system or construction for retail market. If the retailing environment in the development states are undeveloped so how the administration are implementing the supply concatenation direction. Barriers to provide concatenation integrating act as a go-between to weaken the positive relationships between the drivers of supply concatenation integrating and the steadfast public presentation. Hoek ( 2000 ) argued that because mechanisms for both internal and external integrating can be found in the measuring and control of operations, it is of import to develop integrative steps for the full organisation. The research on the effects of the barriers to provide concatenation integrating is still missing, which limits the ability to happen effectual solutions to these issues. Therefore, it is worthwhile to look into the barriers and the effects of these barriers to provide concatenation integrating. Which external barriers are curtailing from constructing a healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and retail administration? Available literature reappraisal explains about the benefits of the supply concatenation relationship. But there is a deficiency in the literature reappraisal which explains the external barriers and how to get the better of with those barriers for an industry. By making the research on the external barriers impacting in doing the healthy relationship between the retail and the parent administration can convey good solution for most of the merchandise service administration. What jobs the retail and parent administration are confronting internally to develop healthy supply concatenation relation? To construct a healthy relationship in supply concatenation direction of merchandise service administration between the retail merchant and parent administration internal barriers should be identified. External supply concatenation direction fails due to the deficiency of an internal mechanism that efficaciously monitors the external environment ( Freathy, 2003 ) . By making the research on the internal barriers impacting in doing the healthy relationship between the retail and the parent administration can convey good solution for most of the merchandise service administration. How to get the better of the barriers which are set uping to construct a healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and retail administration? Merely by findings the external and internal barriers in the doing the healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and the retail administration is non sufficient. It is necessary to happen a solution to get the better of the barriers for any administration. As per the research the recommendation will be based on the solutions by utilizing the primary and secondary informations, so that the administrations which are confronting the similar barriers found in research can utilize that solution to do a healthy relationship in supply concatenation direction. By doing a healthy relationship parent and retail administration can supply better client service and can derive more market portion in their industry. In an interpretative doctrine the Inductive attacks has been selected because of assorted grounds such as, in this attack theory is made up on the footing of informations collected which means doing sense of world which can be find out of the interviews ( collected information ) , here â€Å" cause and consequence nexus exists between the variables and deriving the apprehension of the significances † ( Saunder et al. , 2007 ) , which provides a close apprehension of the existent state of affairs, which supports the use of qualitative informations, including interviews to be carried on. Furthermore the inclination of deductive attack in bordering ‘rigid methodological analysis which restricts the alternate account of what is traveling on ‘ proves to be its unfavorable judgment ( Fisher, 2010 ) . A instance survey or literature reappraisal would be used with inductive attack in order to acquire in-depth analysis within a existent life context. Yin, 2003 provinces that instance surveies or literature reappraisal non merely supply entree to broad scope of attitudinal, behavioral, and historical issues but besides can be used in combination of interviews and questionnaires ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . Many research workers ‘ stated that Triangulation of research methods is considered to be one of the most dependable and can be a valuable manner of carry oning research ( Robson, 2002: cited in Fisher, 2007 ) . Thus a multiple-method attack utilizing a combination of research methods was considered thereby utilizing qualitative informations by carry oning in-depth interviews ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) and associating it to the literature reappraisal in the given clip frame.Research methods and tryingThe proposal is based on research that will be carried out on primary inform ations as opposed to the secondary informations due to the deficiency of literature available every bit good as the research has non been done on the above mentioned research inquiries. Primary informations here includes the in-depth unstructured face to confront interviews, to happen out what precisely is traveling on in world ( findings barriers ) and to seek new -insights ( Robson, 2002: cited in Fisher, 2007 ) , every bit good as informal interviews, considered as qualitative research interviews ( King 2004: cited in Saunders et al. , 2007 ) , with managers of the retail administration, senior directors, head employees of the retail administration, caput of regional office of Assorted administration within the agribusiness equipment industry ( tractors ) in Bundi part which is in Rajasthan ( India ) . To traverse look into the barriers informal interview with the retail administration in other part will besides be conducted. Access to the information and questioning the above de signators has been granted by the taking market portion administration and their retail merchants and the permission of entering the interview is besides granted. However confabs are in procedure for subscribing off the confidentiality understanding to keep the informations integrity/privacy, as one of the nucleus values of the administrations and with other trade names retail merchants and with seniors of regional offices. Other information can be gathered from the company ‘s dorsum land which can be use to associate it to the interview and entree to those information has been approved like understandings between the retail and parent administrations. For the pick of trying techniques this research intends to utilize purposive sampling that involves choosing considerable figure of enlightening interviews, hope to carry on 12 interviews with senior directors, managers of the retail administration, caput employees of the retail administration, caput of regional office within the agribusiness equipment industry ( tractors ) in India, to run into the above mentioned aims ( Fisher, 2007 ; Saunders, et.al. 2007 ) .RestrictionsWhile making un-structured and informal in-depth interviews, batch of factors demands to be taken attention off. Open inquiries need to be asked in order to avoid biasness every bit good as to take out maximal possible information from the administrations. However, the focal point will stay on the research inquiry and the purpose of research while questioning. Interviewer ‘s demands to take attention of the dress-code, privateness of the individual, opening remarks to be made while get downing interview, affe ctional hearing accomplishments, attack to entering informations and last but non the least given clip skyline within which interviews demands to be conducted and analysed.Specific Ethical or Legal Concerns With Your Research ProjectIt is necessary to understand the sensitiveness of utilizing the existent informations from the directors and the employees of the companies. It is of import to clear up the research subject, informations, addition entree of the informations and how we collect, analyse and utilize them in honest and responsible mode ( Fisher, 2007 ; Saunders et.al, 2007 ) . â€Å" Ethical motives as the moral rules, norms or criterions of behavior that guide moral picks about our behavior and our relationship with others † ( Blumberg et al, 2005: cited in Saunders et.al, 2007 ) . During informations aggregation devising certain the information that has been collected is accurate and which is helpful to associate with the research inquiry and should avoid all the s ubjective selectivity on what is traveling to be recorded. Taking great attention and keeping confidentiality and namelessness are of import in deriving entree to administrations information ( Easterby-Smith et. Al, 2009 ) . Any suggestion and incorrect reading made on the footing of utilizing company informations, could take to large legal job. Therefore under the subdivision 2 ( B ) 1998 Data protection Act, it is vitally of import that all informations be treated sensitively and confidentially ( OPSI, 1988 ) . All the information will be used what ‘s available and has been used to do primary research for to make full the spread in the literature but this will be done by being just to the companies and following their policies. Not merely the information that has been collected is of import but procuring the information is besides of import, any escape in informations can convey the individual or society into problem Pr into legal jobs. Harmonizing to the UK statute law, thi s refers to the commissariats of informations Protection Act, 1998. This allows protecting your informations of your research lawfully in the state you live in ( The stationary office, 1998: cited in Saunders et.al, 2007 ) .Identify what ethical or legal concerns that there may be with the undertaking – be precise and elaborate.Preservation of Confidentiality and AnonymityAs per the research it is required to roll up the information from assorted administrations and to maintain the information secure for that confidentiality signifier will be signed between the research worker and the member of the administration. Confidentiality signifier will besides be signed between the research worker and the administration. All the informations will be kept safely.Informed ConsentDuring roll uping the informations the directors of retail administration and parent administration will be informed that the information they are giving will non be shared by any others individual or the admin istration and it will merely used for the research. The names of the director and the administration will be kept confidentially under the Data protection Act 1998 ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) .Potential Good or Harm Caused by the ResearchDesignation of barriers in the research conducted can supply utile information for product-service administrations on developing their external and internal supply concatenation integrating particularly between the retail and parent administration.Ethical Guidelines in the FieldPlease mention Section 1 of Ethical and legal concern.Processing and Storage of DatasThe information collected in the research will be treated discreetly and utilized with regard to the Data Protection Act 1998 ( OPSI, 1998 ) . All informations in paper or electronic format will be stored safely and upon completion of the research undertaking informations will be destroyed wholly. The deadline for the proposal is on the 24th of May 2010. Further work will be pending one time the consequences came out which will take about 4 hebdomads that will take it to 24th of June. Following the consequences and after the allotment of supervisor 2 hebdomads will be given to do the necessary alterations to the proposal and get down initial research. There has been non allocated a batch of clip due to assorted grounds for the research. First, the research can non be start because of the other faculties which will be finish on 5th of July 2010 ; it will be difficult to give clip wholly to research during this period. Secondly research will hold to be done under an allocated supervisor and communicate and handiness of the supervisor will hold to be considered. Once the proposal has been passed by allocated supervisor, the aggregation of the secondary informations which includes the background and literature survey such as articles, diaries and information will be carried out ti ll 12th of July. Time is a large factor here hence research clip has been estimated to be approximately 4 hebdomads which is allocated to roll up the primary informations through interviews for administration and to analyze it. From the 2nd hebdomad of July, following undertaking will be done by going to India to roll up the information required to finish the research. Final two hebdomads from the 2nd hebdomad to the 3rd hebdomad of August will be given for reappraisal of the research and findings and associate it to the literature available it and composing the thesis. In add-on research worker will be confer withing with the allocated supervisor through regular meetings and treatment. The last hebdomad of August will be allocated to completion and concluding reappraisal of the thesis to guarantee that it is presented good.MentionsAraujo, L. and Spring, M. ( 2006 ) , â€Å" Service, merchandise, and the institutional construction of production † , Industrial Marketing Manage ment, Volume 35, Number 7, pp. 797-805.Barratt, M. ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Understanding the significance of Collaboration in the supply concatenation † , Supply Chain Management, An International Journal, Volume 9, Number 1, pp 30-42.Burt, S. , Davies, K. ( 2007 ) , â€Å" Consumer co-operatives and retail internationalization: jobs and chances † , International Journal of Retail & A ; Distribution Management, Volume 35, Number 2, pp. 156-177.Christopher, M. ( 2005 ) , Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 3rd ed. , Pearson Education, London.Cox, A. ( 1999 ) , â€Å" Power value and supply concatenation direction † ; Supply concatenation direction: An International Journal, Volume 4, Number 4, pp 167-175.Davies, A. , Prencipe, A. , Hobday, M. ( 2003 ) , â€Å" Incorporate solutions: the altering concern of systems integrating † , The Business System Integration, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Easterby-Smith, M. , Thorpe, R. and Jackson, P. ( 2008 ) , â€Å" Management Research † , Third Edition, Sage Publication Limited.Findlay, A. M. , Paddison, R. , and Dawson, J. A. ( 1990 ) , Retailing Environments In Developing States, London, Routledge, Chapman and HallFisher, C. ( 2007 ) , â€Å" Researching and composing a thesis † , FT learner Hall, Second editionFisher, Colin ( 2010 ) , â€Å" Researching and composing a thesis – An Essential usher for concern pupils † , Third Edition, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited.Freathy, P. ( 2003 ) , The Retailing Book: Principle and Application, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited.Ganesam, S. ( 1994 ) , â€Å" Determinants of long term oriented in buyer-seller relationship † , Journal of Marketing, Volume 58, April, pp 1-19.Guirdham, M. ( 1972 ) , Selling: The Management of Distribution Channels, Oxford, Pergamon Press Limited.Hoek, R.V. ( 1998 ) , â€Å" Logisticss and practical integrating † , International Journal of Physical Distribution & A ; Logistics Man agement, Volume 28, Number 7, pp 508-23.Hoek, R.V. , Harrison, A. ( 2005 ) , Logistic Management and Strategy, Second Edition, Pearson Education Limited, Essex, England.Johnston, R. ( 1995 ) , â€Å" Operationss: from mill to service direction † , International Journal of Service Industry Management, Volume 5, Number 1, pp 49-63.Keller, S. B. ( 2002 ) , â€Å" A key to Enhance Supply Chain Relationship † , Internal Relationship Marketing, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Volume 32, Number 8, pp 649-668.Kohli, A.K. and Jaworski, B.J. 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Analysis †I have written my article about cloning Essay

I have written my article about cloning. The opinions I have used in it are a highly exaggerated depiction of extremist views. I have shown, how ridiculous and outrageous these views are by overstressing every point and going to immense extremities, such as the â€Å"master race† and the â€Å"worker race†, these are so severe that the worker race would even be kept underground. I used pictures in my writing to make it easier for people to visualize the images that I am talking about because then they will be able to understand my ideas better. I have inserted a picture of Britney Spears, as she is a well-known, famous star, that many people like, or would like to be. The reason that I have included this particular image is because many people long to live like these stars and by using the image I am implying that if we introduce cloning and the so- called â€Å"master race† then everyone will be able to live like this. Many people believe that she is a â€Å"perfect† human being and this is the idea that I am trying to convey with the â€Å"master race†, that after using the system for a couple of decades, what will be left will be a, supposedly, perfect human race, which for many people the picture used illustrates perfectly. If I had room for more pictures on the page I would have used a picture of another stereotypical â€Å"perfect† male star to appeal to both sexes, but I wanted the article to look professional so I tried to keep the number of pictures too minimum. The picture will also encourage people to read the article because if they have turned over the page and they then see the picture of Britney. If they are an admirer, then they will most probably turn back to the start of the article to read it the whole way through. The reason that the picture has been repeated three times is because it shows what could be achieved by cloning, not just one, allegedly, flawless human being but as many as wanted, a whole race of them even. The repetition shows the main process of cloning as well, making an identical copy of something/ someone. I also use pictures of Morlocks from the film of the book â€Å"The Time Machine† by H. G Wells. The book and the films are set far into the future, this is also a little indication of the fact that this is could really happen in the future. These creatures were humans but as time has passed they started to live underground as they were using all of the earth’s resources, that is the main reason that I am using this picture to show what the, as I have called them in my article, â€Å"worker race†, would be like as my extreme plan is to have them working day and night, underground to provide the â€Å"master race† with everything they need. The reason that I have used such a ghastly picture is because I want it shock the reader, it will also draw attention to the article. The workers won’t be good-looking, as they will never of had sunlight on their skin and never of had any of the beauty products and treatments we take for granted so the picture is an accurate representation of what they would actually look like. The contrast between the purportedly â€Å"picture perfect† Britney and the hideous, unsightly Morlock should make people start to think that they would much rather be with the â€Å"master race† rather than the â€Å"workers†. There is also the idea that this is what the human race has become as it has evolved and that cloning could save us from this atrocious fate and instead bring us to the attractive future that the â€Å"master race† offers. Two of the pictures are in black and white, these are the pictures of the â€Å"worker race†, these are in black and white to give a feel of darkness to the pictures and to imply that this is the sort of life they would have, never seeing any colour, whereas the picture of the master race is brightly coloured and shows an image that people feel drawn to look at unlike the pictures of the Morlocks and the ants. This means that the contrast is even more noticeable between the two sets of pictures. I have used the layout of having the pictures cutting into the writing, so that you can’t help looking at the pictures while you are reading, helping the readers to picture the ideas I am putting into their heads, I have also put captions underneath the pictures to show what the pictures are of and how they relate to the topic of the article. The pictures are large and stand out from the page causing them to catch the reader’s eye whilst they are flicking through the paper, meaning that they read the article. I have used a strong title, â€Å"Hitler Was Right†, to fascinate the reader even before they have started reading the article. Including a strong political figure compels people to read the article as it looks like it could be an article of great importance. They will straight away wonder what the article could be about, causing suspense that will keep them reading until the very end of the article when they will realize that I was simply, apparently, agreeing with one very simple part of Hitler’s range of ideas, that the world would be a better place if just one master race was to occupy it. This title has been written in Times New Roman and is in font size 36, I have done this so that the title stands out from all of the other things on the page. People won’t be able to help noticing the title and this will generate interest in the article. The main body of the writing is in a quite large text; this is because I want it to stand out and not to be too small. The effect of this is that the article will not look as much of a difficult task to read, encouraging more people to read it. The prologue to the article is written in bold writing slightly bigger than in the main body of the text, this is so that this will stand out just a little bit more and people will read it before they read the main article. The writing in this prologue is encouraging people to read the main article. By ending it with a question † the question is: why not? † It makes people read on, as they want to find out the answer to this question, Straight away, in this first prologue I have shown â€Å"my† opinion, that I agree with cloning and all of the brilliant ideas that come along with it, this means that people will be under no disillusion while they are reading the article.

Zen Garden

Nature is an important element for the Zen Buddhist as it is said to aid with meditation that can achieve enlightenment. The ultimate place for this mediation is a Zen garden. These gardens are a Buddhist art expression that focuses on nature. However, the garden is almost entirely made of stone and gravel, with almost no plant life at all. In this essay I will discuss a brief history of the role of nature in Buddhism, explain why the stones and gravel in the Zen Garden are so important and describe, in detail, the finest Zen Garden example that is Ryoanji Dry Garden in Japan. I have personally visited Ryoanji three times. Introduced to Japan in the mid-sixth century, Buddhism advanced various attitudes towards the natural world. The ideals of many Buddhists evinced a religiously based concern for nature. Buddhists in China and then Japan had long debated weather non sentient beings such as trees and rocks could actually attain Buddha-hood. Saicho (766-822) the founder of Tendai school, was one of the first to voice his opinion in an affirmative way, he declared that â€Å"trees and rocks have Buddha-nature† (Masao, 1989: 186). Later, Ryogen (912-985) a member of the Tendai School claimed that plants, trees and rocks desire Enlightenment, discipline themselves and attain Buddha-hood. Buddhist temples aesthetically enhanced the environment. These temples were surrounded by nature and were often built in forests and on the sides of mountains. Rock gardens, vegetable gardens as well as cherry and plum orchards were common features involved in the setting of temples. These features helped to improve the local environment and aid as a means of meditation through the natural beauty on a spiritual level in search of Nirvana which means to â€Å"put out the flame† in this world and escape to the otherworld. Zen Buddhist in Particular saw enlightenment as an experience to be had through nature. Dogen (1200-1253), founder of the Soto school of Zen Buddhism, declared that â€Å"the ocean speaks and mountains have tongues – that is the everyday speech of Buddha†¦ If you can speak and hear such words you will be one who truly comprehends the entire universe. † (Shaner 1989:114). The Zen Buddhists believed that nature could help them achieve a status of mindfulness in order to ultimately achieve enlightenment. They began to create the ultimate garden for meditation, known as the Zen Garden or â€Å"Dry Garden†. Both by creating and meditating in these gardens aided to the understanding of the Buddhist religion. Karesansui, or the â€Å"dry-landscape† style of Japanese gardens have been in existence for centuries, but the Zen Buddhists developed a smaller, more compact garden style that focussed on observing it from a distance as opposed to walking through it; â€Å"There was a shift back to an emphasis on looking rather than using. These gardens were used specifically as aids to a deeper understanding of Zen concepts†¦these gardens were not an end in themselves†¦but a trigger to contemplation and meditation† (Davidson 1983: 22). In these Zen Gardens large natural stones, in particular, are arranged in ways that allude to the spiritual problems and solutions of the Zen faith. In fact, with in the walls of the gardens there are really only two or three elements used, stones, gravel or sand, and sometimes unintentionally moss. Both the stones and gravel are arranged to create â€Å"simple abstractions of nature† (Kincaid 1966:65). In order for the Buddhists to meditate and achieve enlightenment the garden â€Å"relies on understatement, simplicity, suggestion and implication†¦leaving room for the imagination by providing a starting point† (Davidson 1983:23). The Buddhists believe that the stones are more than just inanimate objects, they are thought to have a soul and are considered to be the realistic part of the garden; â€Å"We treat natural stones as materials which have vital factors. That is because we feel life and soul in the natural stones which are frequently used as an idealistic and also as a realistic representation† (Tono1958:38). The stones are surrounded by gravel that has been intentionally raked into patterns to represent flowing water. The moss that is sometimes found on and around the stones is usually the only plant life found in a Dry Garden and is formed and left as a natural occurrence. All of the elements in nature used in a Dry Garden have a purpose, however they often take a symbolic form and represent something entirely different to what western eyes may see. Stones are often looked upon as something much greater than just a simple stone; â€Å"They have an intrinsic beauty of their own, and on the other hand, can represent something altogether larger and more universal† (Davidson 1983:38). Stones can symbolize many things depending on their shape, colour and texture. Generally â€Å"stones represent mountains, islands, and waterfalls† (Takakuwa 1973:120). However, a vertical stone may symbolize the sky, while a horizontal stone may symbolize the earth. They may also be selected and arranged to represent the essence or spirit of animals or shrubs. The bed of raked gravel surrounding the stones is seen as a body of flowing water and the raked patterns are the ripples and swirls in it. The patterns are said to give energy to the garden and help the meditation process. Figure 1) Ryoanji garden is one of the most famous Zen gardens in the world. It is arguably the highest expression of Zen art and teachings that is perhaps the single greatest masterpiece of Japanese culture. No one knows who exactly designed and arranged this garden, or precisely when, but it is thought to date from the late 1400s. This garden is a karesansui dry-style garden and is relatively small, â€Å"a rectangular area, about twenty-five yards long and ten yards wideâ₠¬  (Holborn 1982:61). It consists of 15 stones that rest on a bed of white gravel, surrounded by low walls. (Figure 2) The moss-covered boulders are placed so that, when looking at the garden from any angle, only 14 are visible at one time. In the Buddhist world the number 15 denotes completeness. So you must have a total view of the garden in your mind to make it a whole and meaningful experience, and yet, from any position in the garden it is impossible to view all 15 stones at once making the only way to see all 15 is on a spiritual level. The gravel around the stones is raked to resemble ripples and swirls, in concentric circles that extend away from the stones, while the remaining surface of the gravel is raked in straight lines, creating a contrast between curved and straight lines. The only â€Å"living† element that lends a sense of depth to the composition is the green moss found covering parts of and around the bases of the stones. The Buddhists have given the garden symbolic levels to serve as illusions, with the gravel around the stones powerfully evoking water, and the whole scene appearing to be a miniature seascape with weathered volcanic islands. The extreme simplicity and powerful balance of the composition have been interpreted by many different people, in many different ways, however its fifteen stones â€Å"are generally believed to represent islands in an ocean, but the composition is called Tora-no-Ko Watashi (Tiger Cubs Crossing a Stretch of Water)† (Takakuwa 1973:122). As a meditation tool of allusion, the garden takes a dramatic title (Tiger Cubs Crossing a Stretch of Water) and uses it to create an image to capture the essence of tension, while viewing the illusion of a strong idealized image of nature, providing a setting for oncentration on the spiritual level. It is only an illusion, because the construction and maintenance of the Dry Garden is not a natural occurrence. The design of the garden and arrangement of the stones is completely artificial and processed by humans. The white gravel lines formed by the rake represent ripples in water or clouds in the sky; however the lines are so neat and precise th at they reveal that the garden is regularly groomed by a human hand. (Figure 1&3)This makes the garden an artificial illusion of nature. It has purposely been designed this way to achieve an idealized image of nature. In Zen Buddhism, enlightenment can be achieved through meditation that can be assisted by creating an illusion of the idealized image of nature. An important focus of this meditation is concerned with the essence of nature and reality. â€Å"Zen art does not try to create the illusion of reality. It abandons true to life perspective, and works with artificial space relations which make one think beyond reality into the essence of reality. This concept of essence as opposed to illusion is basic to Zen art in all phases†. (Lieberman 1997) The purpose of the garden is not to decide on a particular natural image that the stones and the white gravel are supposed to miniaturize. The driving force behind the design as an illusion is to portray an idealized vision of weathered, enduring and sublime nature. The asymmetrical balance of the stones, when combined with the calming patterns in the gravel turn the mind inward, making it ideal for meditation and allowing the Zen Buddhists to achieve Enlightenment. Whether the stones are representing mountains amongst clouds or islands in the ocean is not important. What is important is that they capture the essence of both, displaying the characteristics of endurance, austerity, and balance that is so essential to the idealized Zen Buddhist image of nature. Bibliography: Davidson, A. K. 1983, The art of Zen gardens: a guide to their creation and enjoyment, J. P. Tarcher, L. A. Holborn, M. 1982, The ocean in the sand: Japan, from landscape to garden, Shambhala Publications, Boston. Ito, T. 1972, The Japanese Garden—An Approach to Nature. Yale University Press, New Haven. Kimura, K. 1991, The Self in Medieval Japanese Buddhism: Focusing on Dogen, University of Hawaii Press. Kincaid, P. 1966, Japanese Garden and Floral Art, Hearthside Press Inc. , New York Kuck, L. 1968, The World of the Japanese Garden, Weatherhill, New York, Lieberman, F. 1997, Zen Buddhism and Its Relationship to Elements of Eastern and Western Arts. http://arts. ucsc. edu/faculty/lieberman/zen. html Masao, A. 1989, Zen and Western thought, University of Hawaii Press. Shaner, D. E. 1989, Science and comparative philosophy, Brill Academic Publishers, New York. Takakuwa, G. 1973, Japanese Gardens Revisited. Tuttle Co, Rutland Tono, T. 1958. Secret of Japanese Gardens, published by Mitsuo Onizuka, Tokyo.

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English paper - Essay Example Writing in the first person, Rose defies the traditional political and cultural associations relating to personal achievement to insist that the narrative of an individual’s life is both the product and process of surrounding social and educational narratives. In this article, I will feature the title both metaphorically and literally. The American education institutions are diverse in culture and population. In almost all institutions, one will find themselves surrounded by African, African American, Hispanic, Cantonese, and Asian among other students. Also to be considered is the economic vantage and disadvantage of the student in question, their esteem levels, the parental control as well as the will by the student. Being an African student, I can relate to Rose’s experiences. Coming from a culture that does not value education in general, it was hard to enter into a classroom. Being a girl added insult to injury. Growing up, my going to school was not debatable. I will begin by giving you a glimpse into a traditional Maasai homestead. A girl is supposed to get married as soon as she â€Å"graduates† into a woman. The graduation is marked by pomp and color, after which one undergoes female genital mutilation (FGM). Additionally, culture and family (save for my mother) did not support my dreams or care to provide a conducive environment for my studies, the call was inherent and evident. I loved education and dreamt of being a writer despite the many hurdles and bleak future ahead. Like Rose, my education journey has been a long way coming. Miraculously, I was able to swim my way through high school and won a scholarship to study in the United States. Now came the freshman experience in foreign soils. The alienation and the loneliness was enough to dampen my spirits. In â€Å"The Politics of Remediation†, Rose discusses these feelings. The experience was more or less

A written reflective report (1500 words) on your strengths and Essay

A written reflective report (1500 words) on your strengths and weakness in relation to your chosen career - Essay Example Therefore,choosing to study Arabic and English expands the job opportunities for a public practitioner to secure a job of public relation in Arabic and European nations. Moreover, studying of a foundation course that support public relation course helps one to develop competence or experience in publicity. For example, studying a foundation course such as psychology helps to understand how to relate to people under a certain limit that cannot provoke their ego. On the other hand, language barrier is one of the major challenges that affect public relation.My career as a public relation practitioner has been successful because speaking languages like Arabic and English,two of the most spoken languages internationally has helped to be competitive in job opportunities as a public relation practitioner. It has assisted in developing skills such as fluent speaking using foreign languages such as Arabic and English something not common to many practitioners worldwide. Modern public relation has entered the â€Å"fourth wave† of technological change in the field creating an impact of information highway technologies. Therefore, the demand for ICT literate public relation practitioner in professional of public relation has increased. ICT use has been beneficial to media practitioners such as journalists in gathering and recording of information. Moreover, internet has currently improved public relation through websites such as Facebook that allows the subscribers to socialize from different part of the world at a very low cost. Therefore, being ICT literate has helped practitioners to be successful in their work since it has increased their efficiency to outreach a large number of people locally and internationally. Moreover, a practitioner becomes skillful on the use of language used by different group of people at different occasions such as social language used by youths in social media such as

Community Health Nursing- Transgender Children Assignment

Community Health Nursing- Transgender Children - Assignment Example It is imperative to note that such children face a lot of criticism in the community as they grow up. Most peers starts observing the physical changes that do not correlate to others. in such circumstances, these children get discriminated during play, and they tend to isolate themselves to avoid exposing their biological sexual organs. The ultimate result is depression that may lead to suicidal ideation among these individuals. There are some ethical dilemmas that the parents and the community face while dealing with these children. For example, as the child reaches school going age the parents get confused which type of clothes to wear to their children. Moreover, the name that the child wants to be identified with is different from the biological sexual organ. All these bring challenges in the psychological aspect of these individual because what they feel is not what is real to others. Parents may tend to give hormonal replacement therapy to help the child possess those characteristics he/she wants. However, the hormones pose a significant health risk since it can lead to permanent complications and may be death. Sexual and gender roles may be a challenge when these individuals grow up, and some cultures may reject them because of doing things that their gender should not do. The best remedy for these problems is early identity and counselling of the parents to give full support to the young children. Additionally, the parents should allow the children to grow on the gender they feel like. The community should be sensitised to understand these individual and offer them the supports they

Analysis of Toys R Us Case in Japan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of Toys R Us Case in Japan - Term Paper Example As per Bank of Japan , the annual growth in the retail toy market in Japan grew 94% while GDP of Japan at an annual rate of 7% during 1970s. Further, toy market in Japan was ranked as the second largest in the globe trailing to U.S.A and in 1991; the worth of Japanese toy market was estimated at $7.1 billion. In 1991, about 29,413 stores were in operation in Japan and toy sales occupied a major share in their aggregate sales. Further, about 11,628 stores were exclusively dealt with toy, computer games and hobby specialty products. Further ,there were about 12,582 small general retail shops , about 2772 convenience stores , 1227 large toy specialty retail shops and there were about 500 bigger general stores, which had the significant share of their revenues comprised from the sale of toys. Toys R Us entry into Japan was well timed in corresponding with antisturctural restriction efforts by then Bush administration in U.S.A. Looking for positive PR , the Japanese government compelled t he regional government to soften the â€Å" Big Store â€Å" laws under which the present retailers in Japan could exercise the veto to the entry of a large retailer into their province. Toys R Us first store in Japan was established with an offer of more than 18,000 toy items as inventory located in 3,000 square meters, which was regarded as the best illustration of what has come to be labeled in U.S.A as a â€Å"category killer.†Ã‚   By establishing an awesome advantage, it was aimed to bar the competitors from establishing opposing stores before they started.... In 1989 , Toys â€Å" R† Us made its first attempt to enter into the Japanese toy market which was then controlled by small general retailers of tiny specialty stores .As per Bank of Japan , the annual growth in the retail toy market in Japan grew 94% while GDP of Japan at an annual rate of 7% during 1970s. Further, toy market in Japan was ranked as the second largest in the globe trailing to U.S.A and in 1991; the worth of Japanese toy market was estimated at $7.1 billion. In 1991, about 29,413 stores were in operation in Japan and toy sales occupied a major share in their aggregate sales. Further, about 11,628 stores were exclusively dealt with toy, computer games and hobby specialty products. Further ,there were about 12,582 small general retail shops , about 2772 convenience stores , 1227 large toy specialty retail shops and there were about 500 bigger general stores, which had the significant share of their revenues comprised from the sale of toys. Toys R Us entry into Ja pan was well timed in corresponding with antisturctural restriction efforts by then Bush administration in U.S.A. Looking for positive PR , the Japanese government compelled the regional government to soften the â€Å" Big Store â€Å" laws under which the present retailers in Japan could exercise the veto to the entry of a large retailer into their province. Toys R Us first store in Japan was established with an offer of more than 18,000 toy items as inventory located in 3,000 square meters, which was regarded as the best illustration of what has come to be labeled in U.S.A as a â€Å"category killer.† By establishing an awesome advantage, it was aimed to bar the competitors from establishing opposing stores before they started. (Johanson 2006:185).

The problem of corruption in Liberia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The problem of corruption in Liberia - Essay Example At the beginning of 2002, UNHCR assisted the refugees who voluntarily wanted to repatriate to Sierra Leone, and by the end of September, close to 13,000 refugees had been repatriated. UNHCR intends to continue its work in close cooperation with the Liberia Refugee Repatriation and Resettlement Commission (LRRRC), which is the government institution responsible for constructing and implementing programmes for the displaced in Liberia (UNHCR, 2002c; Kamara, 1999b). Many of the studies on the topic of resettlement and repatriation emphasise the security conditions and the importance of guaranteeing protection for the refugees. This seems to be a major concern not only throughout the conflict but also in the postwar period. In late 1992 there were reports of security problems, especially in the northern Lofa County, and as a result UNHCR and NGOs were unable to reach the Sierra Leonean refugees in that area. Moreover, although UNHCR has had a voluntary repatriation plan in place since July 1991, the ongoing fighting has prevented Liberian refugees from returning (Jesuit Refugee Service, 1993:7). According to UNHCR, the security situation improved somewhat in 1993. However, the implementation of the Cotonou agreement, which was argued to be a condition for the return of the refugees, was behind schedule (UNHCR, 1993). Furthermore, in early 1994, UNHCR was asking donors for funds regarding the voluntary repatriation of some 700,000 Liberian refuge es residing in neighbouring countries at that time (Jesuit Refugee Service, 1994). Abdi and Tinstman discuss voluntary repatriation to Liberia, and they too argue that the security situation in Liberia is precarious and that there is a need to ensure that the refugees are protected (Abdi and Tinstman, 1995). Paul Stromberg reports that, in late 1997, the UNHCR shifted its policy of facilitating repatriation to a more active policy of promoting repatriation, but progress has been slow. The problems have been several, for instance, the cross border insurgencies, together with the lack of interest from the international donors which have resulted in lack in funding (Stromberg, 1998). In a paper by Tom Kamara, several aspects concerning returnees and repatriation are discussed. Kamara argues that security issues, as well as the economic environment, make the conditions for repatriation and reintegration difficult (Kamara, 1999b). Along the same lines, Philippa Atkinson has conducted a study of the political and socio-economic conditions facing the Liberian refugees as they returned from neighbouring countries to Liberia. She analyses a number of different factors, including shelter, food aid, income distribution, and employment (Atkinson, 1992). In a more recent study on economic opportunities for those returning home, Rein Dekker studies a group of Ghanaians who moved to Liberia, but due to the war returned to resettle in their home country. The government of Ghana and international agencies were focusing on the Liberian refugees while Ghanaian refugees were left to fend for themselves. However, loan schemes were offered by an NGO, and it is this scheme which Dek ker evaluates in her study. Dekker examines the factors that determined whether the refugees were successful in making use of this economic opportunity and able to repay their loans (Dekker, 1995). Jeff Crisp reports on

Teaching methods - visual and performing arts Essay

Teaching methods - visual and performing arts - Essay Example Content to be taught in dance is the alignment, balance, landing, fall and recovery. In case of music, the student should be taught how to sing and play in groups and alone. They should be made familiar with pitch, rhythm, timbre, tempo, diction, lyrics and melody. Students should be taught theatre excerpts available from past literature to help them develop the basic understanding of the theatre and how it is presented. Students should be taught various forms of visual arts including movies and cartoon of their interest. It would be best if the theatres they are made to read from the books are shown to them played in movies. Shakespeare’s plays would be the most appropriate selection for this purpose. Experts of arts teaching strongly recommend the application of locomotor and non-locomotor skills while teaching dance, especially. In order to teach music, students must be made to do exercises that enhance their breath control. According to latest research, it is strongly reco mmended to follow the seven-part plan of questions that can produce miraculous results, if applied while teaching arts. â€Å"Wiggins and McTighe refer to this plan as "W.H.E.R.E.T.O.† (cited in Brown, 2008). W stands for what are the students expected to comprehend, H for how to hold students’ interest, E for equipping students for success in the areas of arts, R for instilling the abilities of revisiting and refining in the students, E for how to encourage students to evaluate their talents, T for tailoring teaching methods.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Whereas Douglass addresses the mass audience, comprising people from all walks of life, on the US Independence ceremony, Langston’s audience comprises of people who were mentally prepare to judge Langston’s words from a legal as well as a humanitarian vantage point. Indeed Douglass’s audiences were less prone to embrace legal argument than Langston’s audiences are. Therefore these two men’s rhetoric strategies are also different from each other. Necessarily Douglass has to make his speech comprehensible by making it elaborative and embellishing it with emotional tropes, whereas Langston’s speech appears to be substantive and fraught with poetic imageries, rhetoric devices, especially prepared for an audience of reasoning intellect. Before an audience which largely comprises white people, both Langston and Douglass have to associate the African American with religious, more specifically with Christian, sentiment in order to draw their sympathy . Both of these two speakers have done so by using the rhetoric device of metonymy. While Douglass addresses his people as the â€Å"emancipated people of God† (321), Langston describes the ability of the emancipated slaves to escape as something â€Å"God-given powers† (Langston, 1859, p 233). ... Another two mentionable metonymies used by Langston and Douglass are respectively â€Å"colored people† and â€Å"colored brethren†. Out of a number of parallelisms used in Douglass’s speech a remarkable one is: â€Å"It [Independence Day] carries your minds back to the day, and to the act of your great deliverance; and to the signs, and to the wonders, associated with that act, and that day† (Douglass, 1852, p 321). In this sentence, Douglass describes the recalling functions of the Independence Days in a series of related infinitive phrases. But a more striking parallelism occurs in the preceding sentence: â€Å"[Independence], to you, is what the Passover was to the emancipated people of God.† (Douglass, 1852, p 321) In this line, he draws a parallel between â€Å"the 4th July† and the â€Å"Passover†. Similarly â€Å"In Address to the Court† Langston uses another parallelism to expose the invalidity of the â€Å"Fugitive of Slave Law†. He says, â€Å"The [Fugitive Slave Law] under which I am arraigned is an unjust one, one made to crush the colored man, and one that outrages every feeling of Humanity, as well as every rule of Right.† (Langston, 1859, p 234) In opposition to the ‘Fugitive Slave Law’, Langston is quite successful to depict the African American, as a people struggling for their liberty, through the use of another parallelism: â€Å"And there were others who had become free†¦Ã¢â‚¬Ëœby escaping†¦eluding the blood-thirsty patrols†¦outrunning bloodhounds and horses, swimming rivers and fording swamps, and reaching at last†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Langston, 1859, p 233) Meanwhile in the same sentence, he refers to the self-contradiction of the freedom of the slave, enacted by the 13th Amendment, through the use of irony. Indeed the Fugitive Slave Law was

Comparing selections of Saint Augustines Confessions and Confuciuss Essay

Comparing selections of Saint Augustines Confessions and Confuciuss Analects - Essay Example al unit and Confucius has much to say in connection to the treatment of the family, and the relationship of one to another and also to the members of the household. Thus, it is evident that very few men can love and at the same time know the negative side of the one they love (Confucius et al 3). To omit respect is equal omitting affection. In addition, without love, union cannot coexist; ‘without respect then love would be ignored (Bk. xxiv, 9.). In short, the paradox of laxity indulgence is presented as the course of a man who is better in respect to his family. Confucius believed that a good relationship in the family was important in reforming the society and thus at the long run the government is reformed. One disciple of Confucius said; "few people are filial and dutiful toward parents and their elder brothers. In many instances, they oppose their superiors thus creating a civil order. A good man is concerned with the cause and when the root is firm, the way grows. Fraternal duty and filial piety are surely the root of humaneness (Confucius et al 4). Augustine during his youthful age, he was living with his parents. He further explains how his parents dealt with him since they wanted him to become famous. As a result, his life was sinful from point in time he was of tender age and became restless with unclean thoughts. At this age, he presents the ills of the society that made him develop idleness. He was convicted that if people can perform the roles in the family in a proper way, then they would be able to discharge their roles in the society (4:20, Analects). Confucius said that a filial piety involved respect for, obedience, and loyalty to ones parents. A filial man would not go against the will of the father especially in terms of behavioral characteristics and occupation even when the father is long gone. You observe the intention of a man when his father is still alive and observe his action when the father is dead. Both observations are

Astronomy - Dark Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Astronomy - Dark Matter - Essay Example 23 percent is dark matter, which we cannot observe and is invisible to us and 73 percent is dark energy which is countering the effects of gravity and hence driving the expansion of the universe. The idea of dark matter came after observing the motion of spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way. Motion of the stars in Andromeda Galaxy, which is our nearest, was observed. In case of spiral galaxy, it was expected that the stars at the outer layer or arms of the galaxy would move faster than the ones on the inside to keep up with the shape of the galaxy. The observations, however, were contradicting this notion and readings showed stars at the outside moving with almost the same speed as the inner stars. Since gravity depends on mass of the object, it was calculated that the visible mass of the galaxy was not enough to keep it together. The anomaly in the motion of spiral galaxy suggested that the mass of the galaxy might be more than it seems. We see circular motion all around us in the universe from the motion of our planets around the sun and in a similar way motion of stars around galactic center. Calculations suggested that the visible mass of the galaxy did not have enough gravitational force to overcome the centrifugal force in spiral galaxies and with the mass of visible matter; the galaxies would lose their spiral shape and break away. Since, this is not the case and we see spiral galaxies all around us; there must be invisible matter that seems to have a gravitational effect but does not interact with visible matter. This invisible matter is called dark matter and it has mass which in turn gives it gravitational force. An explanation for this missing mass was given that red dwarfs or remnants of supernovas which are difficult to observe because they are low light sources, could account for this missing mass; but, the idea was soon ruled out because the missing mass discrepancy could not be justified with even dwarf galaxies. Dark matter may not be visible to us, but, there are strong observations pointing towards its existence. Gravitational lensing is an effect which points towards existence of dark matter. As per Einstein’s theory, light bends with the gravitational effect of massive objects. Dark matter does not interact with light, but, because it has mass, light from distant galaxies bend around areas with dark matter. The area of dark matter in between the telescope and the galaxies, act as a giant lens and distorts the image, magnifies some galaxies and even causes circular lines distortions typical with common lenses (Kleingrothaus and Arnowitt 27). It is further observed that galaxies form within clumps of dark matter. Dark matter is thought to be the skeleton aiding in formation of galaxies. It is still not completely understood how the galaxies form, but when computer simulations are run for creation of galaxies with only the visible matter, the result point towards a failed galaxy that could not hold itself togeth er. However, with the inclusion of dark matter or extra mass, the evolution of galaxies as per the computer simulations line up with the images we observe in the universe (Clavin 2). Visible matter joins in the clumps of dark matter and stars initially form because of increased effect of gravity. Over time galaxies evolve from elliptical to circular disks and eventually in their present form that is spiral galaxies. The mystery of dark matter questions

Supply Chain Management and New Product Development Research Paper

Supply Chain Management and New Product Development - Research Paper Example   New product development is that series of events that starts with the conception of the product and its ideation and ends with reaching the product to the end user through strategic brand positioning through the meeting of competitive advantage. New product development is an important part of any and every business today in order to show a portfolio that thrives on enrichment through innovation and new experiences in the market place. It is a concept that will hold the prospective consumer's attention for long enough in order to turn him or her into an actual end user. In a nutshell, through new product development, one renders a quality of improvising and strategic branding to the business and helps reach out to more and more people and turn them into consumers. Therefore, it is an important part of meeting competition and venturing into new markets to increase profitability and brand visibility as well. (Savage, 2007)   According to the above diagram, the importance of new product development lies in the fact that there is a need in today's world of competition to keep redefining the business and its offerings. Most of the companies listed in the table have done just that by adhering to the latest technologies and making sure that their research and development department is on top of things every step of the way. This has also given rise to a particular kind of brand positioning and a pattern that these companies have constantly improved upon. (Ellram et al, 2007)  This model has been presented in the form of a flow chart with the aim of collaborating and organizing the knowledge and information within an organization to zero in on a strategy that makes the best possible use resources. (Hugos, 2005) The best option facing an organization in the context of the above diagram or flow chart is to test its supply management strategy on various suppliers instead of one supplier alone, in order to f ind the strengths and weaknesses of each of the suppliers.  

Tainted Love Composed by Ed Cobb Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tainted Love Composed by Ed Cobb - Essay Example Tainted Love was composed by Ed Cobb, a songwriter and originally recorded by Gloria Jones, a soul singer, in 1965. However, the song emerged a mainstream hit in 1981 performed by Soft Cell duo, Marc Almond and David Ball as a cover song. Almond and David Ball, the core of the Soft Cell band, left their mark on the generation that lives today. Both Almond and Ball came from Leeds, U.K and had a mundane music career. They had redundant failures, which made their recording company to give them one last chance to make a hit. They utilize this last chance to make the song Tainted Love not feeling sanguine when recording it. Every radio station in the United Kingdom was awash with the song. Soft Cell’s version hit the top of the U.K’s single charts and maneuvered its way to Top 40 in the United States a year later, peaking at position 8. Tainted Love by Soft Cell was synth-driven and danceable. Enriched with Marc Almond’s vocals alternating torched and sleazy, it is agreeable that this was one of the epic songs of its time. They went ahead to set a Guinness World Record for the longest consecutive stay on the U.S Billboard Hot 100 chart. Compared with the original version done by Gloria, Soft Cell’s version portrayed a darker edge. In spite of the fact that the band had it as a cover song for their album, their synth-pop approach made the song sound more original. Soft Cell virtually owned the song. Soft Cell’s Tainted Love is my favorite ballad especially because of the jocular manner in which the singer says he wants to run away because he has endured a lot. The song is indeed heart-rending and makes one feel like true love never exist. Different people can have a varying interpretation of a song. According to me, the song Tainted Love is about unconsummated love.  

Felony Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Felony Murder - Essay Example Felony murder is one of the most critical crimes in the United States. Felonies vary in type and form, but the common denominator is that any death that occurs in the course of crime is treated as felony murder. Crime perpetrators may or may not cause death in the line of crime, determining the extent of felony murder law application. Any person who commits a felony and causes death to another person in the course of that felony is guilty of felony murder according to felony murder law (Binder, 2012). The crime perpetrator is highly likely to be charged and convicted for first degree murder. While felony murder and how this murder is realized remains critical to serving justice, it is important to account for the proportion of people who are caught up in the acts of crime, and then held equally responsible for the murder(s) that occur. It is important to note that every single crime perpetrator found guilty of felony murder should be substantial punished for it. However, this should be controlled and limited to direct participants in criminal activities that result in felony murder. There have been myriad reported cases on conviction of persons who do not even realize that they are in the middle of criminal activities when felony murders take place. In other words, as much as criminals should be held accountable for the deaths of innocent persons, there should be provisions for isolated cases following critical investigations into such matters. This can serve as an effective way to ensure that innocent persons are not incarcerated for felony murders that they can hardly explain. The idea of felony murder law is to protect innocent persons from being hurt or losing their lives at the verge of crime (Binder, 2012). Of course, this is a welcome move for protecting citizens in the event of crime. However, care should be taken in evaluating the conditions under which felony murders occur, in order to safeguard the interests of all persons.

LEADERSHIP CRITIQUE PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEADERSHIP CRITIQUE PAPER - Essay Example However, some critics feel that he too, like all other good leaders, suffered from some subtle weaknesses in his style of leadership. He is often charged with the accusation of being too much authoritative while making decisions, sometimes to the extent of imposing his autonomy on his fellow officials. We may take for instance his stop-and-frisk policy which unreasonably targets the Muslim and the black communities. But despite all these criticisms, the public believes that he possessed a kind of innovation and ingenuity never seen before in the NYPD. He resorted to the use of latest technology to strengthen the department’s hold on the crime rates. In 2012, he joined hands with Microsoft to launch a law enforcement technology for the real-time analysis of public safety data to predict latent threats and criminal activities. In 2013, he implemented the use of license plate readers in the traffic lanes which were linked to the domain awareness system to monitor the exit and ent ry points to the city. Some of the articles by his contemporary authors provide a deeper insight into Kelly’s leadership style and his effectiveness as a leader of the NYPD. An article that talks about the recent changes that have seeped into the law enforcement system of the US is â€Å"Policing by Numbers: Big Data and the Fourth Amendment† by Elizabeth E. Joh. The article, as the title suggests, focuses mainly on the use of data and figures in policing against domestic terrorism. For instance, police in Chicago employ a risk analysis of the criminals to ascertain their chances of getting involved in future crimes. In North Carolina, the police have prepared a map of high-risk regions that are more prone to be attacked by criminals. Similarly, in New York, the NYPD has tied up with Microsoft to launch a â€Å"Domain Awareness System that collects and links information from sources like CCTVs, license plate readers, radiation sensors, and

Money Is Not Everything Case Essay Example for Free

Money Is Not Everything Case Essay 1. According to C.S. Lewis there are three things morality is concerned about , what are those things? Explain each one. Morality, then, seems to be concerned with three things. First, with fair play and harmony between individuals. Second, with what might be called tidying up or harmonizing the things inside each individual. Third, with the general purpose of human life as a whole: what man was made for: what course the whole fleet ought to be one: what tune the conductor of the band wants it to play a. Personal – What’s the use of thinking and just drawing up rules if we don’t think that the courage and unselfishness of individuals is ever going to make any system work b. Communal – Kindness and fair play between nation, classes and individuals c. Purpose – the thinking that every individual lives on forever. This means that we are more valuable than anything in the world which will come to an end. 2. What are the 4 Cardinal Virtues? (Give a definition of cardinal and each of the virtues)? Cardinal virtues are virtues which are common to all people, Christian or not. It is derived from a Latin word meaning ‘the hinge of a door’ because they are pivotal d. Prudence – practical common sense; harmless as doves but also as wise as serpents e. Temperance – putting a limit to one’s â€Å"addictions† f. Justice – â€Å"fairness† g. Fortitude – 2 kinds of courage, faces danger and sticks it under pain; guts 3. What does it mean for commitment to be â€Å"elusive?† Breaking a commitment for a â€Å"higher† commitment; Breaking a commitment is considered bad by society; the less you think about your commitment, the deeper it is 4. What is the meaning of the statement â€Å"Commitment is a choice and a promise?† And how does it relate to freedom? Though we have a choice, people allow themselves to be afflicted with the voluntary slavery of indetermination. The promise is a particular kind of choice. Unlike every other choice we make, what is unique about a promise is that it describes something we intend to do in the future, whereas any other choice is a formal determination about the present. By giving my word, I am assuming an obligation, but I do more than that. I yield to another, or others, a claim over myself by creating an expectation in them concerning what I say I will do for them. Since we are given choices, it means that we have freedom. As more choices are given to us, we feel that there is more freedom. Also, choosing a commitment means that you are doing what you want. You would never deliberately choose something that you don’t want. In the end, you will feel more free with your commitment because you are doing something that you like doing. 5. Explain the meaning of conscience having both a subjective and objective aspect. Subjective: It is ours, we are responsible for how we decide Objective: it transcends our individualistic, private notions and â€Å"bind† us, calling us ur of ourselves into relation with others and before God 6. What is the difference of â€Å"fear conscience and philosophical-ethical conscience?† Fear conscience: â€Å"Baka mahuli ako† Philosophical: â€Å"Hindi magandang magnakaw† 7. What are the two axial commitments according to Haughey? Explain at least one of them? (note: you can decide just to give one or two examples for each axial commitment) h. The first is the commitment of God to His Son i. Self-donation as a general description 1. I am not growing this relationship. Should I end it? 2. Is self-donation opposed to freedom? ii. Complete commitment to the other in love is at the heart and core of the internal life of God Himself iii. Commitment is an essential part of existence iv. Commitment generates communion v. Commitment is compatible to freedom (self-donation) i. The other is Jesus’ commitment vi. Commitment is a process (Not a single act) vii. Commitment is motivated by love 3. Love one another as I have loved you viii. Commitment is about communion 4. As the Father has loved me, so have I loved you. Abide in my love ix. Commitment has a clear direction 5. No one comes to the Father except through me x. Commitment involves freedom 6. No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord 8. What does it mean for Jesus’ commitment to be totally free? j. For this reason, the Father loves me, because I lay down my life that I may take it up again. No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down, and I have authority to take it up again. This charge I have received from my Father. 9. What is the meaning of this statement, â€Å"The purity of the commitment means you dont just make it, you yield to it—(freely, gladly made)†? 10. What is the meaning of this statement, â€Å"The commitment that is rooted in mutual presence of oneself and God more likely will be preserved?†

Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Data Collection Essay * The Rough was excluded during the calculation of the mean as the rough was a trial to indicate the general whereabouts of the end point, which is inaccurate of the exact end point. Table 2. Observations collected during the experiment. Table contains observations which were recorded during each trial of the experiment. Trials Observations Before trials * When water was added to the crystals of oxalic acid, it dissolved almost instantly with a light stirring of the beaker. Rough * When two drops phenolphthalein was added to the solution of sodium hydroxide, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20.8dm3 of oxalic acid into the sodium hydroxide solution, while swirling the conical flask, the solution turned completely clear the oxalic acid was filled up to 21dm3 to have a rounded rough end point to work with. 1 * When two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, while swirling the conical flask gently, each drop of oxalic acid solution began to turn the pink solution slightly clear. * After about 20.6dm3 oxalic acid solution was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. 2 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to sodium hydroxide solution, producing a pink coloured solution. * After about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution was added, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * After adding around 20.4dm3 of oxalic acid solution, the pink solution turned completely clear. 3 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, turning the solution in the conical flask pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * When about 20.3dm3 of the acid was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. Data Processing 1. Write an equation for the reaction. (COOH)2 + 2NaOH 2NaCO3 + 2H2O 2. What amount (in moles) of NaOH is present in 20.0 cm3 of 0.097 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution? c = n/v c = 0.097mol dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001 = 0.097mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.001/0.097 x 100%) = 0.097mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% v = 20.0cm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04 = (20.0/1000) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.04/20.0 x 100%) = 0.020dm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = ? n = c x v n = 0.097 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% x 0.020 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1.03 + 0.2)% ? n = 0.00194 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 3. What amount of oxalic acid was present in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution? Using the molar ratio of 1:2 for acid : base respectively: 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% / 2 = 0.00097 mols ? amount of oxalic acid present = 0.00097 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 4. What amount of oxalic acid was present in your 250 cm3 volumetric flask? Concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L. Therefore the concentration of acid in 1 dm-3 of acid solution is the same as concentration of acid in 250mL: c = n/v c = 0.0119à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.03% / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.15/250 x 100%) c = 0.0476 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.03+0.06)% ? c = 0.05 mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% (concentration of acid) c = n/v 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% = n / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% x 0.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% = n ? n = 0.0125 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.09 + 0.06)% ? moles of oxalic acid in 250mL solution = 0.0125 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% 5. What is the mass of one mole of oxalic acid? n = m/MM MM = m/n MM = 1.5g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02 / 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 1.5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.02/1.5 x100%) / 0.0125à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(1.33+2.15)% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% m = n x MM m = 1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? mass of one mole of oxalic acid = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 6. How many molecules of water of crystallisation are present in one mole? MM of (COOH)2 = 2(12.01 + 32 + 1) = 90.04 MM of H2O = (2.02 + 16) = 18.02 (COOH)2.xH2O = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 90.04 + 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 90.04 ? 18.02x = 29.96à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% (/18.02) ? x = 1.6626à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? Molecules of water of crystallisation = 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 Conclusion and Evaluation Discussion 1. Estimate the degree of uncertainty in your readings using the balance, the volumetric flask, the pipette and the burette. How accurately can you quote your answer? Balance = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02g Volumetric flask = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15mL Pipette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04cm3 Burette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15cm3 The equipments used were relatively accurate as the uncertainties compared to the collected values are small. 2. Compare your answer with the correct answer and work out the percentage error. Percentage error = [(experimental value actual value) / actual value] x 100% = [(1.6626 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 2) / 2] x 100% = 16.87% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74% 3. Suggest any other reasons for possible error. Other reasons for possible error include the uncertainty of equipments, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles and transference of solution between equipments. This experiment was conducted to find the ratio of water in hydrate oxalic acid crystals. This included calculations of the theoretical and experimental values for the ratio of water in the hydrate oxalic acid crystals and the percentage errors of values compared. The equation for the reaction between the sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and the oxalic acid solution ((COOH)2) was worked out, with the product being a salt (NaCO3) and water (H2O). As the oxalic acid solution is a dibasic acid solution, the reaction ratio with sodium hydroxide is 1:2. The amount of NaOH, in moles, was also calculated by multiplying the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and the volume of sodium hydroxide solution used. The equation c = n/v was used to calculate this. The result was 0.00194 moles of NaOH in the sodium hydroxide solution with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid presented in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution was also calculated; by dividing the moles of NaOH (0.00194à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%) by 2, based on the 1:2 reaction ratio stated before. The result was 0.00097 moles with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid present in 250cm3 was also calculated. The concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L, therefore, the concentration of acid in 1dm-3 of the oxalic acid solution is the same concentration as the acid in 250mL. With this understood, the equation c = n/v was used once again. The concentration was first calculated by dividing the moles of NaOH by 0.25dm3. The result (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09), was used in further calculations to determine the moles of oxalic acid by multiplying the previous calculated concentration (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09) with 0.25dm3, resulting in the moles of oxalic acid in the 250mL solution as 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15%. This value was used in the calculation of the mass of one mole of oxalic acid. The equation n = m/MM was used in this calculation. The MM (molar mass) was first calculated, dividing the mass of oxalic acid crystals by the moles of oxalic acid (1.5 / 0.0125). The mass (m = n x MM) was calculated with the result of this (1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), resulting in the mass of one mole of oxalic acid being 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%. Finally, the molecules of water of crystallisation presented in one mole were calculated. This was done by using the mass of one mole of oxalic acid (120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), subtracting the MM of (COOH)2 (90.04) from it and dividing the result by MM of H2O (18.02). The final result of the number of molecules of water in crystallisation equalled 1.66 with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% or 0.06. With this final result, the percentage error was calculated, being 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%. All the uncertainties within the values used were calculated into percentage through dividing the uncertainty by the value and multiplying it by 100%. The uncertainties were converted into percentages before doing calculations were done. There were several limitations found during this experiment which would have been the cause of an inaccurate final result the variation between the theoretical value of 2 and the experimental value of 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06. These limitations include the uncertainties of the equipment, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles found in solutions and the transference of solution between equipments. The significance of these errors and the improvements are listed in the table below. Limitations Significance Improvements Uncertainty of equipments Uncertainties were obtained during the experiment through the use of equipments. The inaccurate recording of data would have affected the results in the end. Eg. The readings on the electronic scale werent fully stable and consistent at one value, it varied increasing and decreasing slightly. In the case of the electronic scale, it was suggested that the variation in weight value was due to the air-conditioning blowing down on it. The air-conditioner could be turned off to reduce the uncertainties and variations. Students could also prevent themselves from breathing heavily down onto the scale while measuring, this could have contributed to the variation as well. Human errors and mistakes Mistakes could affect the outcome and accuracy of results. Eg. While adding water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the oxalic acid crystals, a student accidentally added a little too much, over the 250cm3 that was intended. This would have over diluted the oxalic acid. This could have been avoided through patience while adding the water into the volumetric flask. This could also have been done slowly and carefully, probably using a pipette towards the end at the 250cm3 mark. Reading the measurement of the pipette, burette and volumetric flask could have been inaccurate, causing results to be inaccurate and in turn affecting the calculations. Inaccuracy could have been due to improper way of reading the measurement. Students should have bent down slightly with the measurement at eye level. Student`s heads should not be tilted but level with the equipment as well. The measurement should also be read at the parallax, not above or below it. Possibility of contaminated solutions The experiment was conducted with the use of several different solutions. These solutions could have accidentally been mixed in with each other, causing the solution to be contaminated. The results obtained due to this could have been inaccurate, affecting the final results. Being careful with the solutions used would help avoid this. Using clean equipments for each different solution, making sure the solutions that are not meant to be placed together do not get mixed with each other. After the use of some of the equipments, they were to be washed and reused for another solution. The equipments were not dried before being used again; this could have diluted the solution and contaminated it. Drying the equipment each time after it is washed/cleaned would prevent access water and dilution of solutions. Air bubbles When transferring the dissolved oxalic acid into the burette, there were some tiny air bubbles. This would have because the measurement to be inaccurate as the air bubbles would have caused the reading of the solution to be greater than it actually is. Over time when the bubbles removed itself from the solution which would have caused a decrease in solution. The inaccurate measurement reading would have affected the final results of the experiment. The burette could have been left alone for awhile to allow the bubbles to float to the top. Whatever the amount the bubbles made up for, fill the burette up again with the use of a pipette. Transference of solution between equipments When transferring solutions between two or more differing equipments would have caused an increase of decrease in measurement. An inaccurate amount of solution would have affected the results or recorded data. When using a funnel during the transference of solution into the burette, it caused some increase in the desired amount. This is due to the tip of the funnel having some drops of solution left in it and when the funnel was removed, the movement could have caused those drops to drop into the burette, causing an increase in amount of solution. This could be prevented by either slowly removing the funnel or using the funnel up to a certain mark, remove it and fill up to the desired amount with the use of a small pipette drop by drop. When using the 20mL pipette to transfer the sodium hydroxide into the conical flask, the tip of the nozzle had a drop that was tempted to drop out of the pipette. Avoid touching the sides and move the pipette over the flask slowly would reduce the chances of it dripping out and altering the volume of solution. A small amount of the solution was also stuck at the tip of the nozzle after being emptied. By touching the tip to the side of the flask would help that tiny bit of solution flow out. If possible have the nozzle flat on the side of the flask, this would allow it to flow out smoothly. To avoid or reduce these significant errors, these solutions and improvements should be taken into consideration during future repetition of this experiment. The experiment overall was invalid. Though the values in data collection may have been to a 0.10cm3 difference, the final calculation of the percentage error, 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%, was much greater than the desired 1% causing the experiment to be invalid.